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What Do Immigrants Do When They Can't Practise Their Professions? Immigrant Professionals in the Ontario
Settlement Service Sector,
CERIS - The Ontario Metropolis Centre, December, 2011, 43 pp.
Pointing out that three options confront
foreign-trained immigrants when they are unable to practice their chosen professions: exit (returning to home country
or going to another country), de-professionalization, and professional rebuilding, the author of this study
explores how a group of 155 well-educated immigrants took the third option by taking positions within Ontario immigrant/refugee
service organizations. Through the use of a detailed survey and follow-up interviews, the author gains insight into the
motivation and experiences of this admittedly non-random sample of the immigrant professional population. Opportunities for
employment in this sector opened up as "ethnocultural affinity with the service provider" came to be understood
as an important criterion for hiring. At the same time, the sector did not raise other insurmountable barriers to entry.
If the field, however, were to become a "full-fledged profession," with the imposition of workforce training standards
and licensure requirements, then a "hardening of the boundaries" within the field would limit access and raise again
the thorny issue of immigrant access to the professions. The paper also provides a short review of Canadian efforts
to facilitate the entry of skilled immigrants into the workforce. Our American Immigrant Entrepreneurs: The Women
Immigration Policy Center (IPC), December, 2011, 16 pp.
The contents of this IPC "special report"
are drawn from the book, Immigration and Women: Understanding the American Experience (New York University Press,
2011). Noting that the rising rate of immigrant women entrepreneurship (9 percent in 2010) now exceeds the 6.5 percent rate
of native-born women, and that of all immigrant entrepreneurs in 2010, 40 percent were women, this report seeks to reveal
the particular experiences and challenges faced by women business owners and the contributions they are making to their communities
and to the economy as a whole. Many women started businesses "to repair their damaged self-esteem from underemployment
and exploitation." Many cited the inspiring example of women business owners in their home countries. Some sought independence
from abusive relationships. One strand of the report discusses how these women scraped together the resources to start their
businesses. Finally, the report concludes with "advice and suggestions" from women business owners themselves. This
report, and the book upon which it is based, seeks to understand the "gendered qualities" of migration. Immigration and American Jobs,
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research and the Partnership for a New American Economy, December,
2011, 23 pp.
This study seeks to answer a question often overlooked in the economics literature, i.e. the impact
of immigration on jobs in the United States, and even more importantly, the impact of specific types of immigrants on job
formation. A simplistic "supply and demand" model might suggest that immigrants with similar skills displace
US natives. An alternative model might suggest that immigrants complement US-born workers, helping to boost employment in
sectors of the economy occupied by native-born workers. As the report suggests, this question is "ultimately an
empirical one." Using 2000 to 2010 data from the Current Population Survey of the Census Bureau, the report examines
the size of specific cohorts of immigrants within each of the states and then compares that number with the number of jobs
created in those states during the period in question. Among the findings are the following: immigrants with advanced degrees
from US universities who work in STEM fields "dramatically boost employment for US natives." For every 100
such immigrants, there are 262 additional jobs created for US natives. The study also looks at three temporary workers programs:
H-1B visas for skilled workers, H-2A visas for seasonal agricultural workers, and H-2B visas for seasonal nonagricultural
workers. All programs appear to be positively related to improved employment outcomes for US-born workers. The report explores
the policy implications of these findings. It bemoans the fact that only 14 percent of the green cards issued each year are
allocated based on employment, compared to 25 percent in Canada, 42 percent in Australia, and almost 60 percent in the United
Kingdom and Germany. Arguing that "immigration policy can help fix the economy," the report calls for "more
permanent and temporary visas for highly educated immigrants, especially those in STEM fields, and expanded programs for both
skilled and less-skilled temporary foreign workers." Immigrant Founders and Key Personnel in America's 50 Top Venture-Funded Companies,
National Foundation for American Policy, December, 2011, 21 pp.
This study examines the important
role played by immigrants in launching and sustaining leading venture-funded companies within the U.S. The author found that
immigrants started nearly half of America's top 50 venture-backed companies, and that 76 percent of all companies employ an
immigrant in either a key management or product development position. Relying on biographical data and interviews, the author
profiles fourteen companies and the immigrant entrepreneurs and employees that have been integral to their growth and success.
Throughout, the report reflects the importance of immigrants in "driving growth and innovation in America," and
concludes with a call for policies to attract and retain global talent within the United States. (Dan McNulty)
Adult Children of Immigrant Entrepreneurs: Memories and influences,
The Immigrant Learning Center, in collaboration with researchers at the Institute for Asian American Studies, University
of Massachusetts, November, 2011, 53 pp.
Based on a series of 10 focus groups with 36 adult children of Asian
and Hispanic immigrant entrepreneurs, this study attempts to understand the family dimensions of the entrepreneurial experience
and its lasting influence in the lives of the second generation. The participants in the study were graduate students
ranging in age from 21 to 32. Many of them attributed their work ethic to the example set by their parents. Many learned useful
interpersonal skills helping out with the family business. Many felt obliged to repay the sacrifices made by their parents
to give them a better future. Among the conclusions of the report: "there is little doubt that these children understood,
respected and were often deeply affected by the struggles and accomplishments of their parents." Rebooting the American Dream: The Role of Immigration in a 21st Century Economy,
Immigration Policy Center (IPC),
November, 2011, 20 pp.
This "special report" provides a digest
of selected research on the economic impact of immigration on the American economy. According to these studies, immigrants
tend to complement rather than displace American workers on both the high and low ends of the immigration skills spectrum,
thereby spurring overall growth and creating opportunities for native-born workers. Moreover, immigrants are more entrepreneurial
than native-born workers, with one study finding that immigrants are more than twice as likely to start businesses as native-born
workers. However, the IPC report suggests that the current US immigration system is antiquated and not designed to derive
maximum economic advantage from the energy and talents of immigrants. Indeed, many talented foreigners trained at American
universities, frustrated by long delays in obtaining visas, are returning home to start businesses in their home countries
- businesses that may one day compete in the global market. The report concludes with a short section on family-based immigration,
which through the social capital of family relationships and networks, also spurs economic growth.
Welcome to Canada. Now What? Unlocking the Potential of Immigrants for Business Growth and Innovation,
Deloitte, November, 2011, 25 pp.
This "White Paper Summary" of Deloitte's
2011 Dialogue on Diversity is based on a series of nine roundtable discussions with employers, community organizations, special
interest groups, government agencies and immigrants across Canada. According to Canadian government statistics, immigrants
are expected to account for all net labor and population growth in years to come. Although foreign-born workers are essential
to grow the Canadian economy, the talents and skills of immigrants, according to the white paper, continue to be underutilized
while immigrants face disproportionately higher unemployment rates. The paper suggests that the foreign-born are uniquely
qualified to benefit employers by bringing greater diversity into the workplace - a development that can drive the innovation
needed to compete in a global market. Yet, despite arriving in Canada with the training and education necessary to fill market
gaps, barriers to entering the workforce keep immigrants underemployed. These include: a lack of Canadian experience, lack
of connections, language, and unrecognized foreign credentials. The paper concludes with an action plan for better integration
of immigrants into the labor market with specific recommendations in the areas of recruitment, internship opportunities, mentoring,
developing cultural connections, use of employee resource groups, and employee training programs. (Dan McNulty) Migration and Occupational Health: Understanding the Risks,
Migration Policy Institute, October 11, 2011, 6 pp. Adapted from an article that appeared in
the American Journal of Industrial Medicine, this article by Marc B. Schenker summarizes available data on fatal and non-fatal
injuries suffered by immigrant workers in the U.S. As immigrants are over-represented in so-called ‘three D" jobs
(dirty, dangerous, and difficult), they tend to experience higher rates of injury than the native-born population. The author,
however, laments the absence of research data on the nexus between immigration and occupational injury (only 48 articles on
immigrant occupational health appeared between 1990 and 2005) and reviews the methodological challenges involved in conducting
such research. The author calls for efforts to understand the nature and causes of immigrant occupational health disparities
in order to develop appropriate public policy responses. Immigration and Poverty in America's Suburbs,
The Brookings Institution, August, 2011, 20 pp.
This paper examines the phenomenon of suburban
poverty, with particular attention to immigrant poverty. Noting that the majority of the nation's poor in the 100 largest
metropolitan areas now live in the suburbs, the authors observe that "it is no longer useful to think of central cities
as the primary locations of poverty in America, surrounded by concentric suburban rings of predominantly white and affluent
populations." There are now 2.7 million foreign-born poor in the suburbs, representing ca 20% of all suburban poor.
The authors conclude that "suburbs with little or no experience with either immigration or poverty face complex and unfamiliar
public policy challenges." The Economic Integration of Immigrants in the United States: Long- and Short-Term Perspectives,
Migration Policy Institute, July, 2011, 16 pp.
This paper describes the
occupational niches and contributions of diverse groups of immigrants and their children within the U.S. economy. The author
devotes special attention to the impact of the global economic crisis on the economic prospects of immigrants. Although the
workplace in the U.S., in contrast to other immigrant-receiving countries, has traditionally functioned as "one of the
country's most powerful immigrant-integrating institutions," the author suggests that the uncertain economic outlook
"could realign the economic and social forces that have historically propelled the intergenerational upward mobility
of immigrants (and natives)." In addition, budget cuts on the federal, state, and local levels, especially in the area
of public education, could weaken "the public and community-based institutions and programs that historically promote
upward intergenerational mobility among the children of immigrants."
Migration Policy Institute (MPI), July, 2011, 68 pp.
This report analyzes the labor law enforcement
records of the Clinton, Bush, and Obama administration, with particular attention to wage and hour laws and industries with
high concentrations of immigrant workers. The report identifies best practices in labor law enforcement
and suggests closer coordination between federal and state agencies working in this area. The report also
presents findings from an MPI survey of state resources, priorities, and initiatives in labor standards. Among the policy
recommendations in the report are the following: deterring violators by pressuring dominant or lead employers in an industry
or geographic area; status-blind enforcement; creating new metrics less driven by complaints filed and resolved; combating
the misclassification of employees as independent contractors; and leveraging the resources of other public and private agencies.
Finally, the report recommends a study to determine whether increased labor law enforcement would lead to a decrease in unauthorized
employment and migration. If such a study showed such an effect, then immigration enforcement resources might be diverted
to labor standards enforcement.
Eight Policies to Boost the Economic Contribution of Employment-Based Immigration,
Migration Policy Institute, June, 2011, 10 pp.
The authors of this paper contend "that successful
economic-stream immigration systems are transparent and flexible, create predictable outcomes, and remain open to constant
adaptation and experimentation." In order for immigration to be a "powerful tool for supporting a country's
economic growth and prosperity," the following policies should be implemented: temporary-to-permanent visa pathways,
streamlined immigration for the most skilled workers, special policies to retain top foreign students, allowing employers
to "pierce" numerical limits or other limits through the payment of special fees, regional and local engagement
in the admission process, the use of independent research to review and adjust immigration systems, and the development of
effective immigrant integration programs because "integration outcomes are a key measure of the success of any national
immigration policy, and such outcomes can be tracked and used as a feedback mechanism for determining needed adjustments to
immigration laws." The Geography of Immigrant Skills: Educational Profiles of Metropolitan Areas,
Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program, June, 2011, 32 pp.
This report observes
that the U.S. has reached an important milestone: the percentage of working-age high-skilled immigrants (defined by the authors
as those with a bachelor's degree or higher) now exceeds the percentage of low-skilled working-age immigrants (defined as
those without a high school diploma). However, the distribution of high-skilled immigrants varies widely across the
100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. The report groups these 100 areas into three categories: low-skill destinations,
i.e. fewer than 75 high-skilled immigrants for every 100 low-skilled immigrants; balanced-skill destinations, i.e. ratios
of 75 to 125, and high-skill destinations, i.e. more than 125 high-skilled immigrants for every 100 low-skilled immigrants.
Most low-skilled destinations are located in the southwest border states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, and
in the Plains States, where agricultural processing centers make heavy use of low-skill labor. High-skill destinations are
found along the coasts, in large college towns, and in older industrial areas, such as Cleveland, Pittsburg, and St. Louis.
Balanced-skill destinations, such as New York, Atlanta, and Charlotte, predominate in Eastern and Southern states. The
report notes that almost half of high-skilled immigrants, across all destinations, appear to be over-qualified for their jobs,
suggesting a systemic waste of human capital that needs to be addressed by policy makers. The report concludes with a series
of policy recommendations designed to maximize the contribution of immigrants to economic recovery and stabilization.
Policies to Curb Unauthorized Employment,
Migration Policy Institute, May, 2011, 10 pp
Written by MPI policy analyst Madeleine Sumption, this policy
brief offers a sobering analysis of the policy options available to governments seeking to reduce the hiring of unauthorized
workers. The author concludes that "a comprehensive approach has the greatest potential for success." Such
an approach would combine stronger sanctions against illegal hiring with some expansion of legal flows of low-skilled workers,
along with stronger enforcement of basic labor law standards. However, fiscal and budgetary constraints may make it difficult
to implement such an approach, and even if implemented, some employers, particularly small employers operating entirely in
the informal economy, may fail to comply.
Immigration Myths and Facts,
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, May, 2011, 9 pp.
In an effort to counteract misinformation about the
impact of immigration on American society, the Chamber's Labor, Immigration & Employee Benefits Division prepared this
pamphlet to "refute seven of the most common myths about immigrants coming to our country." The pamphlet attempt
to "summarize the facts on the relationship of immigrants to Jobs, Wages, Taxes, Population, Crime, Integration, and
Welfare." The Chamber's review "shows that immigrants significantly benefit the U.S. economy by creating new
jobs, and complementing the skills of the U.S. native workforce, with a net positive impact on wage rates overall." Migrant Social Networks: Vehicles for Migration, Integration, and Development
Migration Policy Institute, March 30, 2011, 6 pp.
This short “primer” on migrant social
networks is intended to enrich the “policy discourse” on this subject. Written by Prof. Maritsa V. Poros of City
University of New York, the article notes that social networks “make migration possible” in the first place and
create their own vibrant labor markets. Noting that governments are beginning to invest in the capacity of migrant networks
to foster development in home countries, she calls attention to the potential of migrant networks to facilitate the economic
and social integration of newcomers. This statistical analysis
of the undocumented population updates previous annual reports published by the Pew Research Center. At 11.2 million
in 2010, Pew's estimate of the national total of undocumented immigrants remains largely unchanged from 2009. During the previous
two years (2007-2009), however, the number had declined from a high of 12 million in 2007. The 2010 numbers, however, show
significant variations among the states. The decline in unauthorized numbers was especially great in New York and Florida,
while increases occurred in Texas and Louisiana. New Jersey had an estimated 550,000 unauthorized immigrants in 2010, including
400,000 in the workforce, representing 8.6% of the total state workforce - the 4th highest percentage in the country.
Immigration Policy and Less-Skilled Workers in the United States: Reflections on Future
Directors for Reform,
Migration Policy Institute, January 2011, 26 pp
This study by economist
Harry J. Holzer, former Chief Economist for the US Department of Labor, reviews findings from the research literature on the
benefits and costs of low-skilled immigration, i.e. immigration by those with a high school diploma or less. His point
of departure is the well-publicized debate between economists David Card of the University of California and George Borjas
of Harvard, who have differed over the extent to which immigrant workers compete with native-born workers. Holzer finds "limited
negative impact" on native-born workers, but somewhat greater negative impact on earlier cohorts of foreign-born workers.
On the other hand, benefits of less-skilled migration accrue to employers, and to consumers in all income brackets. The paper
concludes with some discussion of the implications of research findings for future immigration reform. Among the author's
conclusions: "In all, it is hard to make the case that the current volume of unskilled immigration to the United States
is too high and needs to be sharply curtailed." Holzer also recommends charging employers who hire less-skilled immigrant
workers "some modest fees to offset short-term fiscal costs," as well as adjusting admission levels based on macroeconomic
conditions. He also advocates steps to legalize the undocumented already in the U.S., while stemming any new unauthorized
flows. All Work and No Pay: Day Laborers, Wage Theft, and Workplace Justice in New Jersey,
Immigrants' Rights/International Human Rights Clinic, Center for Social Justice, Seton Hall University
School of Law, January, 2011, 24 pp Building on a 2010 study of day laborers in Newark, Seton Hall researchers have expanded
the scope of the earlier study to examine the experience of 113 day laborers at pick-up sites in Elizabeth, Freehold, Morristown,
Orange, and Palisades Park. Over the course of a single year, 54% of the workers statewide were paid less money than
they were promised by at least one employer, and 94% were never paid overtime if they worked more than 40 hours per week for
the same employer. Twenty-six percent were assaulted on the job and 35% were abandoned at a work site. There were wide
variations among communities in levels of noncompliance with labor laws. In general, communities like Elizabeth, without advocacy
groups championing the interest of day laborers, had much higher violation rates. Despairing of any meaningful assistance
from an understaffed and financially strapped NJ Department of Labor, the authors of the report propose a "more robust
criminal wage theft statute," which would facilitate the filing and prosecution of complaints with local municipal courts.
The report includes the text of a model statute. The Role of Migrant Care Workers in Ageing Societies: Report on Research Findings in the United Kingdom,
Ireland, Canada and the United States,
IOM International Organization for Migration, 2010, 79 pp. (There is a separate study on the U.S. alone published in
2009)
This report looks at qualitative and quantitative data from the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, and
the United States, examining the role played by migrant workers in caring for the elderly. Due to changing demographics, i.e.
growth in the aging populations and a relative decline in the working age populations, compounded by the undervaluing of care
work in general, these developed nations have witnessed rapid growth in the demand for labor within the eldercare market.
The report points to how both skilled and unskilled migrants from developing nations are used to fill labor shortages, along
with some of the policies, conditions, and processes favoring the disproportional employment of foreign-born workers within
the care economy. The report also examines the challenges faced by both employers and migrants in the workplace; for employers,
lack of certain skill sets, limited English proficiency and cultural awareness can all lessen the ability of migrants to connect
with the elderly and perform their jobs effectively; for migrants, discrimination, poor working conditions, and isolation
can present serious problems. The report finds that the four countries under study mostly lack the legal framework needed
to ensure a steady, secure, and quality workforce within the long-term care sector. The authors conclude with a series of
policy recommendations, suggesting that improving conditions and compensation for work in eldercare is essential to retaining
quality care whether provided by migrants or natives. (Dan McNulty)
Injustice on our Plates: Immigrant Women in the U.S. Food Industry,
Southern Poverty Law Center, 2010, 64 pp. This report aims to shine a light on the suffering
and indignities experienced by the many undocumented female workers in the American food industry. A majority of the 150 women
interviewed for this study endured sexual harassment and assaults while working in the fields, packinghouses or food processing
plants. Few are willing to report incidents to employers or police, for fear of losing their jobs or being deported. Working
for poverty wages, they have no access to government programs to help the poor, nor do they typically receive health care
coverage, sick or vacation time, or unemployment compensation. The report also chronicles the heavy toll of work-related illnesses
and injuries sustained by workers in the food and meat-processing industries in the U.S. They are exposed to pesticides,
blistering heat in the fields, and cold in the packinghouses. The report concludes with a series of recommendations to Congress
and various federal agencies to end the "shameful exploitation" of "the most vulnerable workers in our country." Overcoming the Barriers Faced by Immigrants
A Briefing Report by the New Jersey State Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights, September 2010,
25 pp.
One of 50 state advisory committees, charged with advising the federal Commission on Civil Rights about
issues in their states that fall within the Commission's jurisdiction, the NJ Advisory Committee held a hearing on May 8,
2009 "to address the most pressing civil rights issues affecting immigrants in New Jersey." The committee convened
three panels of stakeholders and experts to give testimony in the areas of state and local enforcement of immigration laws,
housing and employment discrimination, and the immigrant experience. This report includes summaries of the testimony
and concludes with seven findings and recommendations, including the adoption of a "fair labor enforcement plan of action"
to address the under-enforcement of labor and workforce safety regulations involving immigrants. Still an Hourglass? Immigrant workers in Middle-Skilled Jobs (Report in Brief)Migration Policy Institute, September, 2010, 17 pp.
This report casts doubt on the depiction
of the immigrant workforce as an hourglass, noting that almost a quarter (24%) of immigrants in 2006 were working in "middle
skill" jobs compared to 29% of native-born Americans. Middle-skilled jobs are defined as "jobs that require more
than a high school but less than a four-year college degree and that typically pay a family-sustaining wage ($30,000 annually
per worker). In three of four specific occupations analyzed in the report (healthcare, IT, and hospitality), the percent of
immigrants actually exceeded that of native workers. One possible reason, according to the authors, may be the overrepresentation
of immigrants with college and advanced degrees in these jobs as a result of their inability to meet credentialing requirements
in higher skilled occupations.
Ten Economic Facts About Immigration,
The Hamilton Project, Brookings, September, 2010, 16 pp.
Seeking "to provide a common ground
that all participants in the policy debate (on immigration) can agree on," the authors provide a succinct and non-technical
summary of available research on 10 key economic questions, including the impact of immigration on the living standards of
native-born Americans; gains or losses to federal, state and local budgets caused by immigration; assimilation trends among
immigrants and their children; immigrant contributions to business formation and patent filing; and whether immigrants disproportionately
burden U.S. correctional facilities. Modeled after the influential 2004 National Day Labor Study,
this report illuminates the experience of some 55 largely Ecuadorian day laborers at a "shape-up" site in Newark.
Fifty-eight percent of survey respondents had completed high school, and 54% were married. Almost all respondents reported
being victims of wage theft, with "substantial" losses ($800 or more annually ) experienced by 38% of workers.
Safety violations were also rampant. Many workers possess "a profound fear of retribution by employers," who often
threaten to report immigration problems to ICE if the workers file formal complaints against employers. The authors of the
report, echoing the sentiments of all people interviewed for the project, including public officials and the day laborers
themselves, recommend that the City of Newark establish a hiring hall for day laborers to alleviate these problems.. The report
further urges the NJ Department of Labor to "proactively" investigate the plight of day laborers in Newark and to
work with law enforcement to prosecute violators.
The Impact of Immigrants in Recession and Economic Expansion,
Migration Policy Institute (MPI), June, 2010, 23 pp.
Written by Giovanni Peri (University of California, Davis) for MPI's Labor Markets
Initiative, this paper charts the short- and long-term effects of net immigration on the employment and incomes of native-born
workers in the United States. While most economists have shown a positive correlation over the long-run (say ten years), few
have studied the short-term effects. During periods of economic weakness, Peri finds that net immigration over a one to two
year period "seems to crowd out less-educated native workers." In order to mitigate these negative effects, Peri
suggests that our immigration system should be more responsive to labor market conditions. Peri makes the interesting
observation that some degree of adjustment already occurs, but not with family-based migration, which remains constant even
in recessionary times, but in the number of legal and unauthorized immigrants who return to their countries during periods
of recession. Indeed, over the last 20 years, he estimates that on average 1.5% of the foreign born population, or 600,000
people, has returned to their home countries each year. Admission numbers, he suggests, should be set to compensate for this
loss and with a view toward the long-range benefits of immigration on the economy. Finally, he argues that a sufficient number
of visas, perhaps 40% of the total, should be made available for less-skilled immigrants as they "appear(s) to bring
benefits for the aggregate economy without harming the wages of less-educated natives in the long run." "It's
Not Just About the Economy, Stupid" - Social Remittances Revisited,
Migration
Policy Institute, May 21, 2010, 6 pp.
This short paper explains the concept of
social remittances, defined as the exchange of "ideas, know-how, practice and skills" between immigrants and their
home country communities of origin. Using examples drawn from the experience of Dominican immigrants in Boston, the authors
explain that social remittances can have both positive and negative impacts. The paper concludes with the observation that
"migration research needs to span migrants' origin and destination countries and go beyond economic considerations to
include the social and cultural."
The Impact of Immigration and Immigration Reform on the Wages of American Workers,
New Policy Institute, May, 2010, 22 pp
Written by Dr. Robert J. Shapiro,
a former Undersecretary of Commerce in the Clinton Administration, this report includes a demographic analysis of the
immigrant population in the United States, highlighting occupational niches and educational attainment, and devoting special
attention to the position of the undocumented. The report reviews available studies exploring the economic impact
of immigration, both legal and undocumented, on the incomes of native-born immigrants and on the economy as a whole. Among
findings of note: "undocumented male immigrants have the highest labor force participation rate of any group in America
principally because, compared to the native born, undocumented immigrants are twice as likely to be in households with spouses
and children." According to the author, evidence indicates that comprehensive immigration reform would reverse any adverse
impacts of undocumented immigration on the wages of low-skilled legal workers, both native-born and immigrant. Across the Spectrum: The Wide Range of Jobs Immigrants Do,Fiscal Policy Institute, April, 2010, 19 pp.
Looking
at the 25 largest metropolitan areas in the United States, this report examines the occupational distribution of immigrants.
Analyzing data from the 2006-2008 American Community survey, the researchers find that immigrants are distributed "surprisingly
evenly" across various occupational categories. Indeed, in 13 of the 25 metropolitan areas, there are more immigrants
working in the mostly higher-wage professional or white-collar jobs than in mostly lower-wage service or blue-collar jobs.
However, metropolitan areas with a preponderance of higher skilled immigrants, such as Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and St. Louis,
have lagged in economic performance behind cities like Atlanta, Dallas, and Minneapolis, where the majority of immigrants work
in service or blue-collar jobs. Whether low-skilled immigration is a cause or consequence of economic growth can be debated,
but the notion of low-skilled workers as a drag on the economy seems flawed.
Getting Your Professional License in Ontario: The Experiences of International and Canadian
Applicants: Final ReportOffice of the Fairness Commissioner, February 11, 2010, 82 pp + appendices
In
2007, the Province of Ontario created the Office of the Fairness Commissioner to ensure that licensing procedures for regulated
professions, such as engineering and healthcare, did not discriminate against foreign-trained immigrants. In 2008, the Office
undertook a comprehensive research study to understand the experiences of both native-born and foreign license applicants.
This report, based on survey responses from 3,784 people across 37 regulated professions, as well as input from five focus
groups, and a literature review, summarizes the findings. A key recommendation is that regulatory bodies need to make their
procedures clearer and more transparent, a reform that would be welcome by all applicants, whether native-born or international.Financial Literacy Programs for Immigrants,
Municipal Action Guide, National League of Cities, Winter, 2010, 3
pp
This primer explains the rationale for developing financial literacy programs for immigrants, describes various
program types, contains links to useful resources, and gives examples of successful programs.
Immigration and Wages: Methodological Advancements Confirm Modest Gains for Native Workers,
Economic Policy Institute, Briefing Paper,
February 4, 2010, 29 pp.
As immigration flows have surged in the U.S. in recent years, there has been great
interest in the labor market impact of immigration on native-born Americans. Although most economists agree that immigration
has had a small but positive impact on the wages of native-born Americans overall, researchers differ as to whether
specific categories of native-born Americans, e.g. those without a high school education, have been adversely affected by
immigration. Looking at data from 1994 to 2007, this study disaggregates the native-born population by age, gender, and education
level, and finds that the positive trend is fairly uniform through all sub-groups of native-born workers. The only group experiencing
a downward trend in wages is earlier immigrants, who presumably compete more directly with newer immigrants. However, the
data doesn't permit a breakdown of the immigrant population by type of status, e.g. undocumented vs. undocumented, or type
of visa, so, as the author acknowledges, key questions remain unanswered by this study.
Raising the Floor for American Workers: The Economic Benefits of Comprehensive Immigration Reform,
Center for American Progress and Immigration Policy Center, January, 2010, 25 pp.This paper
makes the counter-intuitive argument that the current enforcement-only approach to irregular migration, has failed to deter
illegal migration, "wasted billions of taxpayer dollars," and created "a host of unintended consequences,"
including spurring the growth of human smuggling operations, choking off "circular migration," and propping up low-wage
labor markets "and ironically, creating a greater demand for unauthorized workers." Noting that Mexico is undergoing
"one of the fastest declines in fertility ever recorded in any nation," as evidenced by the increasing age of apprehended
immigrants, the author suggests that population pressure as a driver of migration from Mexico will likely diminish in the
future. The author also reviews research conducted on the economic impact of the 1986 legalization program; evaluates the
economic consequences of three different reform scenarios; and concludes that a comprehensive approach, providing a pathway
to legalization, will "generate an annual increase in U.S. GDP of at least 0.84 percent," while "boost(ing)
wages for both native-born and newly legalized immigrant workers."
Immigrants and the Economy: Contribution of Immigrant Workers to the Country's 25 Largest Metropolitan
Areas,
Fiscal Policy Institute, December, 2009, 42 pp.
Produced with support
from SEIU Local 32BJ, this report finds that immigrants in major U.S. metropolitan areas contribute to the economy in proportion
to their share of the local population. The authors also observe that "economic growth and growth in the immigrant
workforce go hand in hand," although the question of cause and effect remains unclear. The report also notes that
immigrants work in jobs across the economic spectrum and earn wages that are comparable to native-born workers in most categories.
One notable exception is blue collar jobs, where immigrants earn considerably less. In the service sector, earnings
are low both for immigrants and native-born workers. Even though immigrants make up 20% of all union members in the 25 metro
areas, the unionization rate for immigrants is lower than for native-born workers - 10% compared to 14%. In addressing these
problems, the report suggests "setting a higher standard for the earnings of workers," particularly in the service
and blue collar sectors, with obvious implications for union organizing.
The Economics and Policy of Illegal Immigration in the United States,
Migration Policy Institute,
Labor Markets Initiative, December, 2009, 16 pp.
This
paper highlights the importance of unauthorized immigrant workers as a source of low-skilled labor in the American labor market,
especially in the agriculture, construction, food processing, building cleaning and maintenance sectors. The author reviews
the positive and negative impacts of illegal migration on the American economy and its workers. Observing that such labor
was "unofficially tolerated" in the United States up to 2006, recent efforts to control illegal immigration may
be undermined by renewed demand for low-skilled labor during future periods of economic growth, a demand that cannot be easily
satisfied by a better educated and less flexible domestic labor force. Noting that sufficient legal visas are currently unavailable
to satisfy the need for low-skilled workers, the author suggests that Congress would have to "revamp entirely the manner
in which employment visas are allocated" if it is serious about reducing future illegal inflows. Tied to the Business Cycle: How Immigrants Fare in Good
and Bad Economic Times
Migration and the Global Recession,
Migration Policy Institute, September, 2009, 127 pp
This report updates an earlier MPI study
seeking to gauge the impact of the global recession on world migration trends. The authors find that people are generally
staying put, i.e. not leaving home countries, nor returning, except paradoxically in certain E.U. countries like Ireland and
the United Kingdom, that permit the free flow of migrants from countries in eastern Europe. In the U.K., for example, almost
half the 1.4 million Eastern Europeans who came during the period between May 2004 and March 2009 have returned. The report
notes "a significant deterioration in immigrant employment rates...across a wide number of countries," including
among Mexicans and Central Americans in the United States. Other sections of the report discuss the internal movement of migrants
in countries like China, the results of "pay-to-go schemes" in countries like Spain and Japan, and trends in remittances.
Human Development Report 2009, Overcoming Barriers:
Human Mobility and Development,
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 2009,
229 pp.
Since 1992, the UNDP has commissioned annual Human Development Reports to focus global attention on
key development issues. For the first time in its history, UNDP has chosen to focus its 2009 report on the link between mobility
and development. Noting that "conventional approaches to migration tend to suffer from compartmentalization," the
authors view migration in its broadest context, looking at the roughly 1 billion people who move each year, including the
estimated 740 million who are "internal migrants," the 214 million who are regular (legal) international migrants,
and the 50 million who are irregular international migrants. So-called "north-south migration," the authors note,
is not as prevalent as many think. Nearly half of all international migrants move within their region of origin and about
40 percent move to a neighboring country. The authors propose a "six-pillar" package of reforms intended to "maximize
the human development impact of migration," including opening up more legal channels for international low-skilled migration,
fewer barriers to internal migration, and ensuring basic rights for migrants everywhere.
Broken Laws, Unprotected Workers: Violations of Employment
and Labor Laws in America's Cities,
Center for Urban Economic Development (University of Illinois at Chicago), National Employment Law Project,
UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, 2009, 65 pp.
Based on a survey conducted in 2008 with a
representative sample of over 4,000 low-wage workers in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York City, 70% of whom were immigrants,
this report concludes that "the core protections that many Americans take for granted - the right to be paid at least
the minimum wage, the right to be paid for overtime hours, the right to take meal breaks, access to workers' compensation
when injured, and the right to advocate for better working conditions - are failing significant numbers of workers."
The authors stratify their data by particular industries, as well as by place of birth (foreign-born or native-born),
gender and ethnicity. They also extrapolate from their data the extent of "wage theft" for the broader low-wage
population, estimating that in one week alone, more than 1 million workers in the three cities have at least one pay-related
violation, resulting in a loss of $56.4 million per week. The authors believe that conditions have likely worsened as
the recession deepened in late 2008.
Fulfilling the Promise: Integrating
Immigrant Skills into the Urban Economy,
Cities of Migration, Archived Webinar, July 28, 2009
This one-hour international webinar features
a presentation by Elizabeth McIsaac, Executive Director of the Toronto Region Immigrant Employment Council, a ground-breaking
initiative to integrate skilled immigrants into the urban economy. The work of the Council is designed to make Toronto more
economically competitive in the North American environment. With over 50 corporate partners, the Council works on both the
individual and systemic level to effect change. To date, the Council has arranged over 4000 mentorship opportunities for
immigrants. Another project called "Career Bridge" provides paid immigrant internships. Samples of TV ads used
by the Council are included in the webinar. The Council's approach is now being replicated across Canada through a program
called Allies, Inc. (http://www.maytree.com/integration/allies.). Another presenter discusses how the program is being implemented
in New Zealand.
As Immigrants Move In, Americans Move Up,
Free Trade Bulletin No. 38, Center for Trade Policy Studies,
Cato Institute, July 21, 2009, 9 pp.
Authored by Daniel Griswold, the Director of the Center for Trade Policy
Studies, this policy brief argues that there is a causal relationship between immigration since 1990 and poverty reduction
in the United States, particularly among native-born African-Americans. "For every poor immigrant family we 'imported'
during that time, more than three native-born families were 'exported' from poverty." He also argues that
the nature of the "underclass" has changed. "Members of today's more immigrant and Hispanic underclass are
more likely to work and less likely to live in poverty or commit crimes..." Griswald urges Congress to reject "misguided
fears about 'importing povery'" and to "pursue a policy of expanding legal immigration for low-skilled workers.."
Massachusetts Immigrants by the Numbers: Demographic
Characteristics and Economic Footprint,
The Immigrant Learning Center, June, 2009, 51 pp.
Prepared by researchers at the Institute
for Asian American Studies at the University of Massachusetts Boston, this report offers a sweeping view of the immigrant
population in the State of Massachusetts. Unlike other recent state-level reports on immigration, this study digs deeper into
the data by differentiating between "established" and "recent" immigrants, i.e. those in the U.S. less
than 10 years. The report analyzes the educational attainment and occupational profile of immigrants; examines income, sales,
and property tax payments by immigrants; provides data on transfer payments; and reviews rates of immigrant institutionalization
in juvenile facilities, correctional institutions, and nursing homes. Overall, the report paints a favorable picture of immigrant
contributions to the state.
Untying the Knot, Part I, The Unemployment
and Immigration Disconnect,
Immigration Policy Center, May, 2009, 12 pp.
Untying the Knot, Part II, Immigration and Native-Born Unemployment
Across Racial/Ethnic Groups;
Immigration Policy Center, May, 2009, 12 pp.
In this series of special reports, the Immigrant Policy Center finds no apparent connection between high levels
of recent immigration and unemployment. Indeed, there appears to be an inverse relationship between the two, i.e. in areas
with high levels of recent migration, unemployment rates are lower than in rural areas or in the former great industrial centers
of the Midwest, where there are fewer immigrants. Part II focuses on the impact of immigration on native-born minorities,
particularly African-Americans. One noteworthy finding is that in the ten states with the highest percentages of recent
immigrants, the average unemployment rate for native-born blacks is about 4 percentage points lower than in the 10 states
with the lowest percentages of recent immigrants. The authors conclude that the presence of immigrants is a function
of the job-creating strength of the local economy, and that the causes of unemployment should be sought elsewhere.
Assessing the Economic Impact of Immigration at the State
and Local Level,
Immigration Policy Center, April 28, 2009, 5
pp.
This brief reviews 16 studies completed since 2002 that suggest that immigrants in general - and the undocumented
specifically - make a positive net contribution to state economies, particularly if the lifetime contributions of immigrants
are taken into consideration.
A Portrait of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States,
The Pew Hispanic Center,
April 14, 2009, 42 pp.
In this comprehensive
study, researchers from the Pew Hispanic Center found that unauthorized immigrants are 4% of the U.S. population and 5.4%
of its workforce. Although more widely dispersed throughout the country than in the past, unauthorized immigrants continue
to settle in high numbers in states like New Jersey, New York, Florida, Illinois, and Texas. Pew estimates that
New Jersey's unauthorized population increased from 400,000 in 2005 to 550,000 in 2008, while the unauthorized share of the
state's labor force increased from 6.4% to 9.2%, or 425,000 workers. Nationally, two-thirds of unauthorized immigrants work
in the service, construction, and production sectors. In addition, 47% of unauthorized immigrants ages 25 to 64 have less
than a high school education, as compared with 8% of U.S. born-population in the same age category.
Immigrant Workers in the Massachusetts Health Care Industry:
A Report on Status and Future Prospects,
The Immigrant Learning Center, Inc., March, 2009,
65 pp.
This report examines the contribution of immigrants to the Massachusetts health care industry --
"the most important employment sector of the Massachusetts economy with almost half a million workers." The
report treats immigrants not only as a source of labor in crucial segments of the industry (the quantitative factor) but also
as workers skilled in bridging the language and cultural barriers that often impede the delivery of quality health care to
diverse patient populations (the qualitative factor). In this sense, the authors contend that foreign-born health care workers
"add value to the quality of health care for everyone." In addition, the report notes a strong correlation
between the presence of immigrants in local labor markets and the concentration of health care infrastructure in certain communities.
Examining specific occupational profiles, the authors note that immigrants tend to cluster at the upper end (e.g. 51% of medical
scientists and 40% of pharmacists) and lower end (36% of health technologists and 33% of aides) of the health care employment
market in the state. Beyond official statistics, the report also notes the importance of immigrants in the "gray market"
of workers hired directly by individuals and families. Finally, the report urges public and private investments in workforce
development programs aimed at incorporating foreign-born health care workers into the health care industry and devotes one
section of the report to "promising practices and programs" designed to achieve this goal.
Report on Port Truckers' Survey at the New Jersey Ports,
School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers University, February, 2009, 38 pp.
Through extensive interviews with 299 truck drivers operating as "independent
contractors" in the ports of Newark, Elizabeth, and Bayonne, and focus groups with another 70 truckers, the authors of
this report found general dissatisfaction with low pay, sub-standard benefits, and unsafe working conditions. Describing
port trucking in Newark as a "broken system," the authors assert that port operators are "externalizing the
costs of the port system," by forcing the public to cover the cost of health problems associated with environmental pollution
from old and poorly maintained diesel fueled trucks. The authors also contend that these practices "add billions of dollars
to the cost of doing business in New Jersey." Two-thirds of the 7,000 drivers in New Jersey are Latino immigrants.
Immigrants and the Current Economic Crisis: Research Evidence, Policy Challenges, and Implications,
Migration Policy Institute, January, 2009, 31 pp.
This report analyzes available data, including a review of migration patterns during earlier
economic crises, to reach some preliminary conclusions about the impact of the economic downturn on future immigrant inflows
and outflows. Legal immigrants who entered the country on family reunion visas and humanitarian entrants are less likely to
leave the country than irregular migrants, although even the latter have incentives to remain, especially if tightened security
on the southern border prevents their return later and job opportunities become available elsewhere in the United States.
The report finds that low-wage immigrants may be particularly vulnerable to economic hardship, because of their disproportionate
presence in hard-hit industries like construction and their lack of eligibility for safety net services, if undocumented or
in legal status for less that five years.
Estimating the Contribution of Immigrant Business Onwers to the U.S. Economy,
Office of Advocacy, Small Business Administration, November, 2008, 35 pp.
This study examines how immigrant entrepreneurs contribute to U.S. business ownership, formation,
and income. It includes national and state-level statistics, as well as data by nationality and industry category. Immigrants
constitute 12.5% of all business owners in the United States, but more than 20% in the states of California, Florida, Hawaii,
New Jersey and New York.
This report examines the plight of 1.3 million college-educated immigrants who are unemployed or working in unskilled
jobs. An important explanatory factor is the non-recognition of foreign academic and professional credentials by state and
local government. Contending that this situation represents a "serious waste of human capital," and noting that
the problem is most severe for Latino and African immigrants, the report discusses model programs in other countries to address
this problem. The report also proposes a research agenda on the subject, including an effort to quantify the economic costs
of underemployment, a study to determine the impact of discrimination, and a systematic effort to catalog best practices.
Report of the Joint Enforcement Task Force on Employee Misclassification to Eliot Spitzer,
Governor State of New York, February 1, 2008, 29 pp.
In September 2007, New York Governor Eliot Spitzer created an interagency strike force consisting of six agencies to
address the problem of employers who wrongly classify employees as independent contractors or pay workers off the books as
part of the underground economy, thereby depriving workers of the benefits and protections guaranteed under state and
federal law. Immigrant workers are particularly vulnerable to these practices. This report looks at the history of the task
force initiative, including research supporting the need for such a group, and discusses initial actions and prosecutions
by each of the partner agencies. The report concludes with a series of "lessons learned," along with a discussion
of logistical and legal issues hampering the work of the Task Force, including data sharing restrictions and inconsistent
worker classification policies among the partner agencies.
Unregulated Work in the Global City: Employment and Labor Law Violations in New York City,
Brennan School of Justice, New York University School of Law, 2007, 126 pp.
This
report summarizes the results a groundbreaking, multi-year study of widespread labor law violations in New York City. According
to the authors, conditions are so egregious that the Progressive/New Deal social contract "has broken down." Most
workers in this "invisible economy" are immigrants, both documented and undocumented. The report identifies 13 different
industry clusters where "unregulated work" is common and includes detailed reports on each industry. Finally, the
report defines basic principles to guide public policy reform.
Principles for an Immigration Policy to Strengthen & Expand the American Middle Class,
Drum Major Institute for Public Policy, 2007 Edition, 28 pp.
This report argues that any debate over
immigration policy must be tied to a discussion of the dilemma of the American middle class in general. A two-tiered job market
exploiting the labor of undocumented immigrants is detrimental to the interests of U.S.-born workers. The report proposes
a two-part test for evaluating current immigration reform proposals.
Immigrant Entrepreneurs in the Massachusetts Biotechnology Industry,
Immigrant Learning Center in collaboration with researchers at Boston University, June, 2007, 15 pp.
This report argues that immigrants have been key contributors to the creation of new businesses and intellectual
capital in the Massachusetts biotechnology industry. Among the more noteworthy conclusions are: 25.7 percent of Massachusetts
companies in this industry have at least one foreign-born founder; these companies produced over $7.6 billion in sales and
employed over 4,000 workers in 2006; the founders come from nations across the globe, but with a preponderance from Europe,
Canada or Asia; and the companies are largely involved in developing disease treatments or studying the "map" of
the human genome. The immigrant entrepreneurs, therefore, tend to specialize in the most complex, risky, life science-intensive
aspects of biotechnology to seek knowledge directly applicable to human health.
(Abstract reposted through agreement
with the Immigrant Learning Center and the Immigration Research and Information web site)
Implementation of Diversity Management Programs in Public Organizations: Lessons from Policy
Implementation Research,
Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, 2006, 23 pp.
As
the U.S. population changes, with more women, ethnic and racial minorities, and people with disabilities employed in public
organizations, the challenge of diversity management within these organizations takes on increased importance. This
paper, written by David W. Pitts, seeks to understand the impact of personnel diversity on organizational outcomes. The
paper discusses the history of diversity policy and reviews the research bearing upon its effectiveness. The author concludes
with five general lessons that can be learned from the research, namely: ensuring that sufficient resources are dedicated
to the effort; clearly defining program components; framing the initiative in terms of organizational benefit, not individual
benefit; maintaining clear and credible communication; and gaining support from all levels within the organization.
Noting the paucity of research on what works (and doesn't) in diversity management, the paper concludes with a call for further
research. The Integration of Immigrants in the Workplace,
Institute for Work and the Economy, July, 2006, 60 pp.
This report summarizes the findings of a two-year project funded by The Joyce Foundation
to identify effective ways to integrate immigrants into the workforce. Input was received from a national Advisory Committee
of 41 individuals, and participants in 7 community forums. The report is organized according to the 7 major lessons learned
by the project, one of which is that "strategies directed explicitly at immigrants must be components of a broader range
of initiatives that support the entire workforce." The report is noteworthy for its attention to the diverse backgrounds
and needs of immigrants, including both lower skilled immigrants and foreign-trained professionals.
On the Corner: Day Labor in the United States (Executive Summary),
January, 2006, 36 pp.
Funded in part by two national foundations, this report is one of the first in-depth studies
of day laborers in the United States. It is based on a national survey of 2,660 day laborers randomly selected at 264 hiring
sites in 20 states and the District of Columbia. The report provides a wide range of demographic information, including wages,
working conditions, family circumstances, and occupations.
Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Neighborhood Revitalization,
Study prepared for the Immigrant Learning Center by the Mauricio Gaston Institute and the Institute for Asian American
Studies,
University of Massachusetts, Boston, December, 2005, 49 pp.This
report examines the impact of immigrant entrepreneurs on three neighborhoods in Boston: Allston Village, East Boston,
and Fields Corner, as well as on the cities of Lawrence and Lowell The study finds that immigrant entrepreneurs
contribute to the economy and quality of life of the neighborhoods they serve in the following ways: reviving commerce
and investment in areas that had declined, providing needed products and services, addressing the particular needs of distinctive
ethnic niches, expanding beyond those niches, incubating new businesses; attracting new customers, providing some employment
opportunities, improving the physical quality and appearance of buildings and surrounding areas, and enhancing public safety (Abstract
reposted through agreement with the Immigration Research and Information web site).
Worker Centers: Organizing Communities at the Edge of the Dream,
Economic Policy Institute, December 14, 2005, 24 pp.
This briefing paper by Janice Fine summarizes the
findings of a major research study on more than 100 immigrant worker centers published by Cornell University Press. Worker
Centers are defined as "community-based and community-led organizations that engage in a combination of service, advocacy,
and organizing to provide support to low-wage workers." Unlike traditional immigrant service organizations, worker
centers emphasize organizing and advocacy as lynchpin activities. The author discusses the commonalities in their operation
and the challenges faced by the centers.
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Links
Economic Development, Immigrant Employment and Labor Issues
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descriptions, go to Links page) |
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News and Opinion
Economic
Development, Immigrant Employment and Labor Rights |
Recession Study Finds Hispanics Hit the Hardest,
The New York Times, July 26, 2011 Report documents dramatic shift in immigrant workforce's skill level,
The Washington Post, June 8, 2011 'Brain waste' thwards immigrants' career dreams,
The Associated Press, March 26, 2011 Immigration doesn't hurt native-born workers,
The Daily Caller, March 9, 2011 Mayor Bloomberg announces three new steps to make it easier for immigrant-owned businesses to start and grow,
NYC Economic Development Corporation, March 3, 2011 U.S. schools attract smaller share of international students,
International Herald Tribune, September 12, 2010
U.S. Labor Department beefs up enforcement of wage and hour laws,
The Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2010 United Way (Morristown, NJ) funds jobs program for casual laborers,
The Star-Ledger, February 19, 2010 Miami-Date County Commissioners Pass Historic Wage Theft Ordinance,
AFL-CIO NOWBlog, February 19, 2010 Town Divides over Law Aimed at Day Laborers (Oyster Bay, NY),
The New York Times, December 24, 2009 Groups call for balance in immigration enforcement and worker protection law enforcement,
The Insurance Journal, November 2, 2009 Making wage theft a crime in Los Angeles,
The Los Angeles Times, October 27, 2009 MIT President urges new immigration policies to attract and retain foreign scientists,
The Wall Street Journal, October 19, 2009 Contractor is Accused of Cheating Minority Workers Out of Wages,
The New York Times, October 15, 2009 Morris Workshops Focus on Safety for Hispanic Laborers,
Daily Record, July 26, 2009 NJ Takes Aim at Businesses that Dodge Payroll Taxes,
NJBIZ, July 20, 2009 The Great U-Turn: Global Migration Flows Reverse...,
The Wall Street Journal, June 6, 2009 Job Fight: Immigrants vs. Locals,
The Wall Street Journal, May 26, 2009 Immigrants not to Blame for Unemployment, Claims Report,
The Sun, May 25, 2009 The Competition for Low-Wage Jobs,
The New York Times, March 18, 2009 Street-Level Groups Enlisted to Report Labor Violations,
The New York Times, Jan. 27, 2009 Governor of Maine creates Joint Enforcement Task Force on Employee Misclassification,
January 14, 2009 We are Bringing the World's Smartest People to our Shores, Training them, and Then Making Them Leave,
The American, July/August 2008 Governor of Mass. issues executive order creating Joint Enforcement Task Force on the Underground Economy and Employee
Misclassification,
March 12, 2008 New Bureau for Immigrants in New York State Labor Department,
City Limits Weekly, May 29, 2007 |
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